| Title | : | Autophagy in Differentiation and Tissue Maintenance: Methods and Protocols |
| Author | : | Kursad Turksen |
| Language | : | en |
| Rating | : | 4.90 out of 5 stars |
| Type | : | PDF, ePub, Kindle |
| Uploaded | : | Apr 03, 2021 |
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The lactation cycle includes periods of intensive proliferation of mammary epithelial cells (mecs), their functional differentiation during lactogenesis, and tissue.
In addition to its established roles in regulating nutrient supply and cell death, autophagy also functions in cellular development and differentiation. Studies of mice with global knockouts of critical autophagy genes have revealed that developmental defects occur in the absence of autophagy, particularly in the nervous system (12).
Autophagy is induced by such a fasting method and in turn promotes myogenic differentiation. 5-azacytidine is already used as a factor for the differentiation of muscle stem cells into muscle cells, and autophagy has relevance to myogenic differentiation (36,37).
The function of autophagy in adipose differentiation was therefore examined in the current study by genetic inhibition of the critical macroautophagy gene autophagy-related 7 (atg7). Knockdown of atg7 in 3t3-l1 preadipocytes inhibited lipid accumulation and decreased protein lev- els of adipocyte differentiation factors.
Autophagy is a catabolic process that occurs in eukaryotic cells as a stress response to allow cell survival and maintenance of cellular homeostasis by degrading and recycling intracellular components. Recent advances identify autophagy as an important regulator of myofibroblast differentiation, tissue remodeling, and fibrogenesis.
Autophagy is crucial in the differentiation and development of both mammals and invertebrates, as a rapid response to environmental and hormonal stimuli. Autophagy is also important for intracellular renewal, maintaining the health of terminally differentiated cells.
Involved in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation and the maintenance of the balance between white and brown adipose tissue.
Autophagy is highly active during differentiation and development regulating stem cell biology but also participating in morphogenetic processes that are decisive for the shaping of the embryo’s body, by acting in tissue remodeling in parallel with apoptosis.
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved and highly regulated recycling process of cellular wastes. Having a housekeeping role, autophagy through the digestion of domestic cytosolic organelles, proteins, macromolecules, and pathogens, eliminates unnecessary materials and provides nutrients and energy for cell survival and maintenance. The critical role of autophagy and autophagy-related proteins.
The focus of this special issue is to highlight the role of autophagy in cellular homeodynamics, cell differentiation, and development with an outlook to diseases. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process where cytoplasmic components are sequestered into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which then fuse with lysosomes and their content is degraded.
Development and differentiation are often accompanied by large-scale cellular and tissue remodelling, which is mediated by autophagy (mizushima and komatsu, 2011). At the cellular level, autophagy is essential for the differentiation of many cell types, including adipocytes, erythrocytes, lymphocytes and neurons (mizushima and levine, 2010).
Developmental cues from the environment have been implicated in selective autophagy, or mitophagy, of mitochondria during cell differentiation and tissue.
It has been known for many decades that autophagy, a conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, is highly active during differentiation and development. However, until the discovery of the autophagy-related (atg) genes in the 1990s, the functional significance of this activity was unknown.
Researchers at penn medicine (pa, usa) have uncovered new roles of autophagy in embryonic stem cell renewal and differentiation. These processes, which pertain to chaperone-mediated autophagy (cma) and a related metabolite, offer new insights that may be critical in the development of novel regenerative therapies.
'self-eating' process of stem cells may be the key to new regenerative therapies: new roles of autophagy in stem cell renewal and differentiation uncovered.
Specifically, atg8 was present in the cells exhibiting autophagy, during the differentiation and early development of xylem and phloem tissues, including both xylary and extraxylary fibers. Ultrastructural observations revealed tonoplast invagination with the formation of autophagic-like bodies.
In particular, evidence for its role during immune cell differentiation is growing. Despite the description of a variety of dramatic immune phenotypes in tissue-.
Cellular differentiation and tissue organization are defining features of metazoans. Unlike unicellular entities, multicellular organisms carry out physiologic.
Autophagy can affect the differentiation of hematopoietic cells by mechanisms summarized here in four categories. By preventing ros, er stress, caspase activation, and dna damage, it may maintain survival of cells fit to differentiate (discussed in monocyte–macrophage section).
23 jul 2020 new roles of autophagy in stem cell renewal and differentiation therapies for tissue or organ regeneration,” said senior author xiaolu.
It has been shown that autophagy deficiency dampens adipocyte differentiation, compromises adipose tissue development, dysregulates adipocytokine secretion, and even causes sudden death in young animals. Therefore, accurate assessment of autophagy in adipocyte is critical for the study of adipose biology or pathology of metabolic diseases.
Thus, autophagy is essential during the development and differentiation of many cell types and in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Autophagy also plays an essential role in the case of immunity.
Autophagy was associated with acquisition of markers of myofibroblast differentiation including increased protein levels of acta2/αsma (actin, α 2, smooth muscle, aorta), enhanced gene and protein levels of col1a1 (collagen, type i, α 1) and col3a1, and the formation of stress fibers.
Phenotypes of tissue-specific knockout mice of atg-related genes.
Autophagy regulates functional differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. Mitochondria operate as a central hub for many metabolic processes by sensing and responding to the cellular environment. Developmental cues from the environment have been implicated in selective autophagy, or mitophagy, of mitochondria during cell differentiation and tissue development.
Autophagy is the major intracellular degradation system by which cytoplasmic materials are delivered to and degraded in the lysosome. However, the purpose of autophagy is not the simple elimination of materials, but instead, autophagy serves as a dynamic recycling system that produces new building blocks and energy for cellular renovation and homeostasis.
Autophagy also plays an important role in mitochondrial degradation in t cell differentiation. During the differentiation of t cells, mitochondrial content is developmentally regulated and mature t cells have lower mitochondrial content than its precursor thymocytes. Autophagy is essential for mitochondrial clearance in the maturation of t cells.
Autophagy is required for maintaining the stemness and differentia-tion capacity of stem cells. It has been reported that basal autophagy is a crucial mechanism in the maintenance of the young state of satellite cells, and failure of autophagy causes cell senescence char-acterized by declines in number and function of satellite cells (gar-.
Autophagy is a catabolic process that occurs in eukaryotic cells as a stress response to allow cell survival and maintenance of cellular homeostasis by degrading and recycling intracellular.
Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent cellular degradation process by which cytoplasmic components including macromolecules and organelles are degraded and recycled. Autophagy is highly active during differentiation and development regulating stem cell biology but also participating in morphogenetic processes that are decisive for the shaping of the embryo’s body, by acting in tissue remodeling.
Autophagy is a major cytoplasmic degradation pathway and a primary pathway for mitochondrial degradation. Recent studies indicate that autophagy is implicated in adipogenesis. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on autophagy in adipose tissue biology, with the emphasis on its role in mitochondrial degradation.
Although the role of autophagy in cell differentiation remains elusive, there is some evidence that it is an important event for differentiation in many different kinds of cells, 22 including erythrocytes, 23 lymphocytes, 24-26 and adipocytes. 27,28 autophagy appears to be primarily involved in the differentiation of cell types that require marked architectural remodeling, such as erythroid cells, in which the presumable function is in mitochondrial clearance.
Autophagy is constantly activated in normal cartilage but it is compromised with age and precedes cartilage cell death and structural damage. Thus autophagy is involved in a normal protective process (chondroprotection) in the joint. Cancer often occurs when several different pathways that regulate cell differentiation are disturbed.
23 jun 2016 how do cells form tissues? how do tissues form organisms? their research to discovering how cell division and cell differentiation work,.
23 jul 2020 new roles of autophagy in stem cell renewal and differentiation develop therapies for tissue or organ regeneration, said senior author xiaolu.
Authoritative and practical, autophagy in differentiation and tissue maintenance: methods and protocols serves as an ideal guide for researchers seeking to expand our knowledge of this key cell biological action.
Pdf autophagy is a constitutive pathway that allows the lysosomal degradation of damaged components. This conserved process is essential for metabolic find, read and cite all the research.
9 may 2017 we now report that hscs express a pro-autophagic gene signature and generate differentiated cells, enabling them to regenerate tissues.
Autophagy in the differentiation of white adipose tissue was studied by deleting the autophagy-related 7 (atg7) gene from adipose tissue in mice. This deletion results in a striking phenotype at the cel-lular, tissue and whole-organism levels. Adipose tissue deposits in the mutant mice are much smaller in mass than those.
Autophagy proteins are required for multiple functions during embryogenesis. Both cell death and cell-corpse clearance rely on autophagy machinery in multiple organisms during developmental tissue.
It has been shown that autophagy deficiency dampens adipocyte differentiation, compromises adipose tissue development, dysregulates adipocytokine secretion, and even causes sudden death in young.
Through the analysis of systemic and tissue-specific atg-gene knockout mice, great advances have been made in our understanding of the role(s) of autophagy in mammalian development and differentiation. The autophagy pathway seems essential for two critical stages of early development: the pre-implantation period after oocyte fertilization, and the early postnatal period after disruption of the placental food supply.
5 jun 2019 autophagy also kills the cells under certain conditions. These are form of programmed cell death (pcd) and are called autophagic cell death.
Although the role of autophagy in plasma cell maintenance is clear, whether autophagy is necessary for plasma cell differentiation remains controversial and requires further study.
The term “autophagy” is derived from the greek meaning for “eating of self”. [] over 50 years ago when they observed mitochondria and other intracellular structures in lysosome of rat liver cells treated by glucagon, a pancreatic hormone.
Autophagy (or autophagocytosis) (from the ancient greek αὐτόφαγος autóphagos, meaning self-devouring and κύτος kýtos, meaning hollow) is the natural, regulated mechanism of the cell that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components. It allows the orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components.
Adipose tissue regulates metabolic homeostasis by acting as an endocrine organ and energy reservoir. Adipose tissue development and functional maintenance are dependent on adipocyte differentiation, in which autophagy plays an important role. It has been shown that autophagy deficiency dampens adipocyte differentiation, compromises adipose tissue development, dysregulates adipocytokine secretion, and even causes sudden death in young animals.
13 jan 2020 autophagy‐deficient somatic cells cannot de‐differentiate efficiently into wound ‐induced dedifferentiation and tissue repair in physcomitrella.
Background/aim autophagy is a macromolecular degradation process playing a pivotal role in the maintenance of stem-like features and in the morpho-functional remodeling of the tissues undergoing differentiation. In this work we investigated the involvement of autophagy in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells originated from human gingiva (hgmsc).
4 mar 2020 autophagy is a fundamental cell survival mechanism that allows cells to differentiation to maintain tissue homeostasis and contribute to tissue.
Autophagy is fundamental after oocyte fertilization, at early neonatal stages and for the differentiation of a variety of tissues. Autophagy is also essential for tissue homeostasis and its deregulation has been associated with human ageing and diseases.
Autophagy constitutes one of the major responses of cells to external or internal stimuli. As any other major phenomenon of cell biology (such as division, differentiation and cell death.
This book compiles protocols from the area of autophagy, a crucial cellular process that regulates numerous cellular functions, and explores aspects of autophagy research where its role is key, such as in maintenance of stem cell subpopulations and regulation of differentiation.
We also discuss how autophagy contributes to differentiation of myeloid and lymphoid cell types, coordinates multicellular immunity, and facilitates memory responses. Together, these functions establish an intimate link between autophagy, mucosal immunity, and chronic inflammatory diseases.
Recently, the lysosomal degradative pathway of macroautophagy has been identified as a regulator of cellular differentiation, suggesting that autophagy may modulate this process in adipocytes. The function of autophagy in adipose differentiation was therefore examined in the current study by genetic inhibition of the critical macroautophagy gene autophagy-related 7 (atg7).
However, tissue-specific gene-targeting studies have later revealed that autophagy functions in several specific lineages of differentiation, such as adipocytes, erythrocytes, t cells, and b-1a cells autophagy may play an important role in complete or partial elimination of mitochondria during these processes.
The focus of this special issue is to highlight the role of autophagy in cellular homeodynamics, cell differentiation, and development with an outlook to diseases. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process where cytoplasmic components are sequestered into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which then fuse with.
Autophagy promotes white adipose tissue differentiation, whereas inhibition of autophagy induces a ‘browning’ phenotype of the adipose tissue. In obesity ( b ), stimulation of autophagy may have differential effects on adipocyte function and survival.
Background/aim: autophagy is a macromolecular degradation process playing a pivotal role in the maintenance of stem-like features and in the morpho-functional remodeling of the tissues undergoing differentiation. In this work we investigated the involvement of autophagy in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.
Autophagy-dependent generation of free fatty acids is critical for normal neutrophil differentiation.
Autophagy; differentiation; hematopoiesis; which autophagy impacts differentiation fate are out- cells finally migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues.
Thus, autophagy is essential during the development and differentiation of many cell types and in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Autophagy also plays an essential role in the case of immunity,.
Critical to this role in hepatocytes is the breakdown of cytoplasmic lipid droplets, a process referred to as lipophagy. Conversely, autophagy is required for adipocyte differentiation and the concurrent accumulation of lipid droplets. Autophagy also affects lipid metabolism through contributions to lipoprotein assembly.
Development and differentiation are often accompanied by large- scale cellular and tissue remodelling, which is mediated by autophagy (mizushima and komatsu,.
Autophagy has also been reported to positively regulate hsc differentiation. Autophagy prevents apoptosis during the cell differentiation process, by preventing ros generation, er stress, and dna damage. For example, monocytes, which are derived from hscs, eventually differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells.
Monocytes are programmed to undergo apoptosis in the absence of stimulation. Stimuli that promote monocyte-macrophage differentiation not only cause cellular changes, but also prevent the default apoptosis of monocytes. In the present study, we demonstrate that autophagy is induced when monocytes are triggered to differentiate and that the induction of autophagy is pivotal for the survival and differentiation of monocytes.
We observed hmgb1 activated autophagy in the early differentiation within 2 and 4 days but weakened autophagy in differentiation after 8 and 10 days. Presumably, the activation of autophagy resisted external stress in the early differentiation stage but was unable to resist this constant pressure in the late stage of differentiation.
Autophagy is associated with the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (mscs).
Additionally, autophagy is thought to be an important regulator of adipose tissue browning and adipocyte differentiation [54,55, 76] and mitochondrial homeostasis in bat during cold acclimation.
Of a cell or tissue profoundly regulates autophagy, with differentiation of bone marrow–derived atms and autophagy in adipose tissue macrophages.
Background/aim: autophagy is a macromolecular degradation process playing a pivotal role in the maintenance of stem-like features and in the morpho-functional remodeling of the tissues undergoing.
This detailed book compiles state-of-the-art protocols from researchers actively working in the area of autophagy, a crucial cellular process that regulates numerous cellular functions. In order to accelerate advances in the field, the volume explores aspects of autophagy research where a better understanding of its role is vitally important, such as in the maintenance of stem cell subpopulations and the regulation of differentiation.
These results indicate that arresting autophagy, by the reduction of beclin1, or snapin, suppressed monocyte to mφ differentiation. Conclusion: snapin is required for the fusion of lysosomes with autophagosomes and the maturation of autophagosomes which is critical for monocyte to mφ differentiation.
Autophagy plays an essential role in cellular development and differentiation (17), and human bone marrow mscs may differentiate to become early osteocytes and adipocytes by consumption of autophagosomes (18).
The function of autophagy in adipose differentiation was therefore examined in the current study by genetic inhibition of the critical macroautophagy gene autophagy-related 7 (atg7). Knockdown of atg7 in 3t3-l1 preadipocytes inhibited lipid accumulation and decreased protein levels of adipocyte differentiation factors.
Autophagy in stem cell maintenance and differentiation alexandre teixeira vessoni,1 alysson renato muotri,2 and oswaldo keith okamoto3 autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation pathway that allows cells to recycle damaged or superfluous cytoplasmic content, such as proteins, organelles, and lipids.
26 jan 2016 acting alongside t helper cells, the all-stars of adaptive immunity, regulatory t cells work to suppress any “potentially deleterious” t helper.
Tetrandrine can inhibit nb4 cell growth and induces autophagy-associated differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. The potential molecular mechanisms of tetrandrine involve ros accumulation and notch1 signaling activation, which acted as an essential initial signal to facilitate tetrandrine-induced nb4 cell autophagy and differentiation.
Autophagy and apoptosis are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis. Programmed cell death is a key physiological mechanism that ensures the correct development and the maintenance of tissues and organs homeostasis in multicellular organisms.
In mammals, somatic stem cells play an essential role in development, tissue renewal, autophagy involvement in stem cell's self-renewal and differentiation.
19 mar 2021 our brain cells need to last a lifetime, so autophagy is our body's unique as a result, extra oxygen can reach all damaged tissues, including.
10 dec 2020 however, autophagy functions can be extended beyond and here we review its essential role in maintaining cell survival and tissue homeostasis.
It remains to be seen whether an impairment in autophagy that commences later in life, as occurs in humans with aging, rather than early in life, as was studied in these 2 rodent models, has similar or different effects on adipose tissue and liver lipid metabolism. The current findings demonstrate a major function for autophagy in the regulation of adipocyte mass and differentiation and provide new insight into the mechanisms regulating whether adipose tissue is composed of white or brown.
Recent studies revealed that autophagy plays a role in cellular differentiation such as mitochondrial clearance during erythrocyte differentiation or fat droplet deposition during adipocyte differentiation to investigate whether the malfunctional differentiation of ovx bmmscs is associated with autophagy, we compared autophagy activity in sham and ovx bmmscs.
Autophagy has emerged as a key player in metabolic disturbances, involved in adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis, metabolic syndrome is a condition that involves disruption of energy homeostasis in several organs and tissues, such as adipose tissue, liver, and pancreas including the immune system.
Autophagy has emerged as a key player in metabolic disturbances, involved in adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis, enhancing fat accumulation in the fat depots, with the potential of playing an important role in β-cell physiology and function, thereby influencing the regulation of the delicate balance between insulin and glucagon.
Autophagy is a complex process that controls the transport of cytoplasmic components into lysosomes for degradation. This highly conserved proteolytic system involves dynamic and complex processes, using similar molecular elements and machinery from yeast to humans.
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